Fact Sheet index

What is Abuse?


While the term "abuse" is generally used to denote emotional, physical and/or sexual violence, these are merely the tactics abusers use to gain and maintain control over others. Control is the true essence of domestic violence, which is defined as: "a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors, designed to dominate and control another person so the abuser gets his own way."

THE FORMS OF ABUSE CHART

The chart is arranged in three columns to emphasize the facts that there is more to abuse than simply physical battering, and that the debilitating stress reactions listed in column 3 are suffered by abuse victims during the abusive relationship as well as afterwards.

PHYSICAL ABUSE

When most people think of domestic violence, they think of the physically assaultive tactics shown in column 2. But physical assault is only one part of the dynamic of domestic violence.

RECURRENT EMOTIONAL ABUSE

Although domestic violence means only physical violence to most people, actually, the abuser begins the process of victimization with the tactics of emotional violence listed in the first column, laying the foundation for later physical abuse. Despite the pain and horror of physical abuse, many victims say that constant verbal humiliation is the worst kind of abuse. Verbal humiliation may well be the batterer's most powerful coercive technique.

STRESS REACTIONS TO ABUSE

The physical and psychological reactions to the unremitting stress under which the victim lives are listed in column 3. The victim experiences these reactions both during as well as after the violent relationship. Because most people associate physical abuse, or battering, with domestic violence, they assume that once the victim is no longer being regularly assaulted, she is all right and the abuse is over. To the contrary, however, for many survivors, these Stress Reactions become lifetime physical and psychological challenges. These reactions explain many of the things abuse victims do which frustrate and anger people seeking to help them, from remaining with abusers through "refusing" to prosecute.

It is important to recognize that abuse victims suffer from these reactions while living with their abusers because they must overcome them in order to escape.

Being an abuse victim permanently changes how the survivor looks at and feels about herself, the opposite sex and the world.
Jeri Martinez, March 1999

RECURRENT EMOTIONAL ABUSE

Treat like a child or servant
Verbal humiliation: undermine the victim's self-confidence by constantly degrading her:

  • physical appearance
  • intelligence
  • housekeeping skills
  • profession
  • parenting skills
  • sexual needs
  • sexual responses
  • culture
  • nationality
  • religion

Accuse of mental illness
Destroy or damage treasured belongings
Isolate victim by controlling:

  • what she does where she goes
  • where she works
  • what she spends

    Threaten to:

    • kidnap, get custody of the children
    • abandon/hurt/kill the children, and/or pets
    • hurt/kill victim's family and/or friends
    • hurt/kill himself
    • abandon family
    • withdraw $ support
    • institutionalize the victim
    • destroy loved belongings

    Drive recklessly with victim and/or children in the car
    Kidnap children
    Injure, mutilate, abandon, kill pets

PHYSICAL ABUSE

Initial Assaults

Threats of violence
Hit, throw, break objects
Squeeze, pinch, fingertip
bruising
Shake, restrain
Shove victim against
walls, into furniture

Moderate

Bite, twist arms or legs
Slap, punch
Kick, stomp
Trip, throw victim down stairs
Unwanted touching
demands for sex

Severe

Strangle, smother
Attempt to drown
Hit with objects, weapons
Break bones, knock out teeth
Burn with iron, scalding liquids, cigarettes
Stab, shoot

Sexual abuse:

  • withhold birth control,
  • forced abortion
  • forced viewing/acting out of pornographic scenes
  • rape with weapon or fear of harm to self or others
  • forced prostitution
  • forced exposure to HIV or STD's
  • forced sex with objects or animals
  • genital mutilation

Drag by auto
Injury or death to fetus
Death

STRESS REACTIONS TO ABUSE

Feelings of:

  • chronic fear
  • low self-esteem
  • worthlessness
  • self-doubt
  • self-blame
  • incompetence
  • failure
  • alienation
  • vulnerability
  • self hatred
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • involuntary fear, mistrust or dislike of men

Alcoholism
Drug abuse
Overeating
Anorexia, bulimia
Headaches
Stomach ailments, ulcers
High blood pressure
Heart palpitations
Allergic skin reactions
Learned helplessness

Depression:

  • insomnia
  • chronic fatigue
  • irritability
  • loss of appetite
  • decreased job performance

Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome:

  • flashbacks
  • emotional flooding
  • constipated anger, rage
  • exaggerated startle reactions
  • social isolation,reclusiveness